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Effects Of Deprivation On The Human Body - 1974 Words

Deprivation of sleep has been linked to a variety of health issues from type II diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, to mental health issues such as depression (Porkka-Heiskanen, Zitting Wigren, 2013). The busy lifestyles of Western culture in the 21st century have increasingly deprived individuals of sleep. This could potentially be a contributing reason that there has been an increase of obesity in cultures such as that of the United States. But what makes humans sleep? Why, as a species, do we need to sleep? Beyond that of feeling tired, science has yet to come to a unanimous decision as to the reasons behind the human race needing to sleep. T. Porkka-Heiskanen, K.M. Zitting, and H.K. Wigren reviewed various research studies and compiled a report of some of the various theories as to why humans need sleep and the potential effects of lack of sleep on the human body, both physically and psychologically. Sleep has been identified in all species studied thus far. It consi sts of a global (encompassing the entire body) state of immobilization, a specific posture, and a lowered ability to interact with the surrounding environment (Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 2013). Research has found that sleep is more of a continuous process containing different phases that are characterized by the measurement of electrical activity in the brain rather than a single state (Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 2013). Using electroencephalography (EEG) the different stages of sleep can beShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On The Body798 Words   |  4 Pagesschool, or even both. What keeps the human brain active during these hard tasks? Sleep is the answer to this question. What is sleep? Sleep is when the human body is unconscious. Once unconscious the body will restore the energy it needs for the next day. Sleep is vital to everyone. A human body needs sleep to restore the powers of the body. Some causes of being sleep deprived include a poor diet, stress, and hormona l imbalances. The effects of sleep deprivation include health problems, and depressionRead MoreCause And Effect Essay Sleep Deprivation1134 Words   |  5 PagesGaur Com 1101(09) 03/17/2016 Essay 4 Cause and Effect Essay Sleep Deprivation Cause and effect Essay Sleep deprivation Most people have at least stayed awake for the entire night once during their lifetime. This behavior is common amongst individuals enrolled in High School or pursuing University degree. One might wonder how lack of sleep for the night impact him/her. However, it has being proven that being awake for 24 hours has unpleasant effects on health.So why is sleep so important? How doesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation And The Human Body1237 Words   |  5 PagesJason Sohn WRS 102 Roger Graves October 9, 2015 Annotated Bibliography: The relationship between sleep deprivation and the human body The act of sleeping is well acknowledged as an essential and healthy part of every human being s life. Until the 1950s, sleep was widely believed to be a passive act that every human had to go through at night. Through extensive study and research, scientists have learned that sleeping affects our physical and emotional functioning during the day, including mentalRead MoreLack Of Lack Sleep Deprivation767 Words   |  4 Pagesallows the human body to rest and reset after a long day but it also plays a critical role in immune function, metabolism, memory, learning and our vital body functions (Harvard Medical School, n.d.). When the human body becomes warn down and unable to properly regenerate and rest, it becomes more and more susceptible to disease, infection and health complications. In the American culture society burns the candle at both ends which often spirals into a whole complicated mess of sleep deprivation, poorRead MoreThe Scientific Phenomenon of Sleeping1073 Words    |  4 Pagesrestoration of the human brain. Modern developments, such as the clock and the system of wage labor, have threatened this crucial human resource. Thesis: Sleep deprivation is one of the most serious public health issues facing the country. It causes impaired concentration, diminished immunity to disease, and severe psychological stress. Society must make huge changes in order to combat the effects of sleep deprivation, especially on children. The Human Need for Sleep Human beings spend aboutRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Basic Vital Signs And Cognitive Function Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pages A Review of a Sleep Deprivation Study The Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Basic Vital Signs and Cognitive Function in Humans Leighton S. Holliday University of the People Introduction In today’s society sleep deprivation has reached a level where it becomes a serious problem and over the past thirty years scientist have been studying the negative consequences of insufficient sleep. It is recommended that we get an average of eight hours of sleep each night, however, due to thisRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Its Effects1738 Words   |  7 Pagesis a major component of human life, taking up almost a third of an individual’s lifetime and allowing the brain to process an individual’s experiences, thoughts, and memories. Proper sleep is vital to maintaining good health, as it is associated with maintenance of many of the body’s processes such as metabolism and disease prevention. This has become difficult as this modernizing world is completely changing the lifestyles of societies, and therefore the patterns of human sleep, due to school workRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep Deprivation On Seizure1220 Words   |  5 PagesA study on the effect of sleep deprivation on seizure in epilepsy disorder and its relation to signaling bathways in the brain People with seizure disorder usually have problems with their sleep. Daytime sleepiness, lack of energy and drowsiness are frequently seen in epileptic patients. Baseline electrical activity has been vastly studied in epilepsy. Seizures can be either partial or generalized. Based on the area of the brain triggered by epileptic waves, any kind of motor or sensory abnormalitiesRead MoreLack Of Sleep And Sleep Deprivation865 Words   |  4 Pagesprogrammed in almost all life forms since the early development of birth. The importance and benefits of sleep lies paramount in comparison to other functions we do as humans including eating! Some scientist even say that you will die from sleep deprivation before you will die from food deprivation because when a person sleep your body is still very much awake and undergoes numerous functions. When health functions like memory consolidation, organ repair, neurogenesis, brain development, and muscleRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Its Effects On S ociety1431 Words   |  6 Pagesbalance of activities and work continues. Sleep deprivation can actually be very devastating, having a huge affects on work ethic and focus. Sleep deprivation is â€Å"the condition of being robbed of sleep,† according to Dictionary.com. â€Å"A chronic sleep-restricted state can cause fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness, weight loss or weight gain,† giving it a substantial impact on how one functions on a day-to-day basis (Wikipedia). Sleep deprivation could be caused by several elements; such as stresses

Revised Mid Term Free Essays

It is the world’s most popular energy drink brand. The beverage was inspired by Mateschltz’s trip to Thailand where he discovered a local drink by the name Kratlng Daeng, and he decided to team with the Thal brand and distribute his version of the beverage In Europe, believing that It would sell and become a successful brand. Mateschitz, an innovative marketing specialist, believes in the idea of always having un, and this translates into all of the company’s marketing moves, such as hosting their one-of-a-kind annual air races and advertising Red Bull through humorous, memorable adult cartoons on television. We will write a custom essay sample on Revised Mid Term or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is also able to create a fun, vibrant culture for Red Bull employees, mostly comprised of young, like-minded individuals who Just graduated from undergraduate college. The company instills the notion of fun in all business activities, from flying out potential employees to Detroit for work raining to installing slides in their headquarters to make sure that employees get to their meetings In time and In style. Red Bull’s strategy In entering the market Is to use word-of-mouth and consumers’ recommendations. Rather than opting Immediately to have the brand sold In large supermarkets and retail chains, the company selected specific clubs, bars and stores to Introduce the drink, allowing the trendy, influential group of people to be the first ones to sample the product, and oping that they would endorse the drink and tell everyone else in their network about Red Bull. The exclusiveness of the product intrigued general consumers and as a result they began trying Red Bull drink. Currently the company is continuing to grow in their sales and solidify their brand as the number one energy drink in the world. However, other companies have emerged and entered the energy drink market with their own unique products, and as a result the gap between. How to cite Revised Mid Term, Papers

The Sandbox Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Sandbox Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; The Sandbox # 8221 ; is a three character drama, one act drama written by Edward Albee in 1928. Through this one-act drama, Edward Albee has extended the fable ; his characters non merely exist as symbols, but are more than mistily cognizant of themselves as such. As imitations instead than characters, they maintain a consciousness of their presence on phase every bit good as the stereotyped regulations and emotions they are meant to expose. Specifically through Mommy and Daddy # 8217 ; s vacant and immediate displacements to # 8220 ; appropriate # 8221 ; attitudes, Edward Albee issues his value statement. In consequence, Shakespeare # 8217 ; s appraisal that # 8220 ; All the universe # 8217 ; s a phase, /And all work forces and adult females simply participants # 8221 ; has been reanalyzed and extended by Albee, climaxing in a work which declares the conventional construct of decease as affected and contrived. About deceiving in its downrightness is the opening note on Mommy and Daddy and the # 8220 ; pre-senility and emptiness of their characters. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sandbox Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; Daddy # 8217 ; s resulting inquiries as to what is to be done, and Mommy # 8217 ; s ensuing composed replies set in gesture the deduction of an end-of-life ritual whose religious significance has long since passed off. At one point, Daddy asks Mommy if they should carry on a conversation. Mommy responds, # 8220 ; Well, you can speak, if you want to # 8230 ; if you can believe of anything to state # 8230 ; if you can believe of anything new. # 8221 ; Daddy # 8217 ; s response in the negative esta blishes early on that his and Mommy’s beings, and hence actions, are banal, unreal, mundane, and missing of any true, personal significance. By the air of readying which pervades the drama, and by Grandma # 8217 ; s decease in the terminal, a connexion is made, and The Sand Box is punctually celebrated as Albee # 8217 ; s reference on usage environing the coming of life # 8217 ; s passing. The creative activity of an W W W W W W in which the histrions are cognizant of their presence of phase interruptions land for Albee # 8217 ; s take on society # 8217 ; s battle in role-playing. Requesting appropriate background music, and doing comments on lighting, Albee # 8217 ; s characters can non get away disrepute sing the genuine. Similarly, Albee greets the close progress of decease with the suited stereotypes of sudden darkness, fiddle playing, # 8220 ; a violent off-stage rumbling, # 8221 ; and Mommy # 8217 ; s brief cryings. Inevitably, the earnestness of Mommy and Daddy has been cast in uncertainty and all subsequent words and actions bear resemblance to conventions. In a singular displacement of attitude, Mommy declares to Daddy: # 8220 ; Our long dark is over. We must set away our mourning # 8230 ; # 8221 ; They do so by staring at an inanimate Grandma and casually detecting how # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s difficult to be sad # 8230 ; she looks # 8230 ; so happy. # 8221 ; Mommy # 8217 ; s vacillation, and Albee # 8217 ; s exclusion of a phase note urging a serenely content-in-death Grandma, indicate the affected nature of Mommy # 8217 ; s statement, and inherently, that of The Sand Box, as a whole.

The Plays We Perform Often Display a Frightening View of Who We Are. How Are Playwrights Able to Do This in Ruby Moon and Stolen Essay Example

The Plays We Perform Often Display a Frightening View of Who We Are. How Are Playwrights Able to Do This in Ruby Moon and Stolen? Essay The plays we perform often display a frightening view of who we are. How are playwrights able to do this in Ruby Moon and Stolen? The frightening view of who we are is explored by Matt Cameron’s Ruby Moon and Jane Harrison’s Stolen, where the contemporary Australian theatrical practice is used to explore dark issues. The play Ruby Moon is a response to the current epidemic within Australian society; the fear of losing a child, and is concerned with life in suburbia, and Stolen by Jane Harrison is concerned with Indigenous experience in Australia and the effects of the implementation of the policy of taking children from their families and how, despite all that has been done to them, they have survived. By using innovative approaches in structure and different dramatic forms and conventions such as characterisation, multi-role playing and symbolism to convey their ideas, has allowed these playwrights to display a frightening view of who we are. We will write a custom essay sample on The Plays We Perform Often Display a Frightening View of Who We Are. How Are Playwrights Able to Do This in Ruby Moon and Stolen? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Plays We Perform Often Display a Frightening View of Who We Are. How Are Playwrights Able to Do This in Ruby Moon and Stolen? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Plays We Perform Often Display a Frightening View of Who We Are. How Are Playwrights Able to Do This in Ruby Moon and Stolen? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ruby Moon by Matt Cameron is about a little girl who sets off to visit her grandmother, just like a fairytale, but never arrives. It is the story of Little Red Riding Hood retold, exposing what people do when they suffer an enormous loss, like the loss of a child. It is both placeless and timeless, a theatrical device used in order for an audience to realize its universality. It travels deep into the fears of our time by illustrating issues like child abduction and pedophilia which arouse such potent emotions in families and communities. The play is able to re-enact the dire â€Å"pervasive fear and mistrust that exists here Australia is at the moment† through the employment of the gothic and absurd through a fairy tale like structure, characterisation, black humour, multi-role playing, props and symbolism, and lighting. Ruby Moon displays a frightening view of who we are through the employment of presentational theatre acting where Cameron is able to then within his theatre, give emotion to the issue that we detachedly interact with every day, and allow us to see the grief, anger and psychotic paranoia behind these stories, which are emphasized in his other styles used. The style which Cameron employs, that is Gothicism and Absurdism, presents the bizarre and macabre culture of Australian society which is fixated upon fairy tales gone wrong, â€Å"it begins with a fairy tale† and the paranoia and obsession that is a repercussion of this. This is then shown through the characterization of Ray and Sylvie, who voice their mistrust through their absurdist cyclical questioning and through their guilt, highlight the unforgiving and anonymous Australian landscape; where both Ray and Sylvie come to question those living closest to them, as well as one another. Thus through these styles, Cameron is able to communicate the nightmarish logic in the situation, where we begin to question with the characters; who and what is real in this world, causing a sense of paranoia amongst us. The play incorporates black humour through actors playing multiple roles, all which seem to be strange, changing the perception of the audience through the way the story is told. The fact that everyone appears to be guilty and most obviously through the unusual things that continue to happen throughout the play, contribute to the fear created engaging the audience as a reflection. Through the theatrical conceit of only two actors playing such a range of characters, one begins to question if all are completely separate. Major characters of Ray and Sylvie are both weakened by the loss of their child, and both are witnesses to the effect of grief in their lives, Ray’s integrity is mistrusted by the audience as we witness the progression of the play, and Sylvie becomes increasingly unstable and psychotic as her grief continues in a cyclical pattern. The minor characters throughout the play, Veronica Vale, Dulcie Doily, Sid Craven etc, all follow the archetype method of Cameron is their creation. For example, Sid Craven comes to represent paedophilia, or at least the paranoia of its existence, and through the dark humour presented in the dialogue between Sylvie, â€Å"we have to dig up the church,† and Ray, â€Å"isn’t it enough that we just dont attend? † juxtaposing with the mood, which causes a break in the darkness allowing the audience to think clearly. Thus through the use of black humour and characterisation, Cameron is able to present a frightening view of who we are. The set within Ruby Moon contains a large amount of props that sustain both the environment of the play but also convey the underlying messages of the play. As the play is focused on the identity of the suburbia and the outside world, the curtains in scene 5 are utilized by Ray and Sylvie to suggest that perhaps the curtains they use to help keep the evils of the outside world at bay are actually keeping their own contained. Analogously, the mannequin and Ruby’s dress are both strong images throughout the play. Ruby’s dress is metamorphic, and occurs to represent many things throughout the play, â€Å"if you walk down the street in a little red dress†¦Ã¢â‚¬  symbolizing childhood innocence and an object of sexual desire when worn by Sylvie. The mannequin or ‘Ruby Doll’ comes to represent the unveiling of the mystery behind Ruby’s disappearance, thus every part of the doll that they receive denotes the further unveiling of the unknown, yet because the head of Ruby continues to be missing – the whereabouts of Ruby still remains unknown. The paranoia and fear of losing a child implicated here contradicts with the Australian’s ideal of the suburbia which is meant to be a happy and safe place where children can be raised. Lighting is used throughout the play to implicate a sense of paranoia amongst the audience and build suspense, allowing the audience to empathise with the characters within the play. In scene three, Sid is in shadows occasionally flicking on the light raising fear and suspicion in Sylvie, and during his re-enactment of the detective he move into Sylvie’s personal space creating a claustrophobic mood and showing the detective suspicions. When Sylvie wanted answers from Sid she would move closer to him, but he would evade her by moving into shadows suggesting he had something to hide, creating suspicion. The audience shares Sylvie’s suspicion and paranoia as she is desperate after losing her child. Stolen by Jane Harrison was written to â€Å"honour the experiences of those who had been stolen and for the play to resonate on an emotional level with its audience. † The play retells stories of five Indigenous individuals of the Stolen Generation, and examines the struggles and concerns of Aboriginal Australians since white settlement in Australia. The bicentennial celebrations had Aboriginal Australians questioning what exactly they were celebrating. Royal commissions into black deaths in custody and the stolen generation also set the tone. There was a move towards reconciliation although the conservative federal governments’ was reluctant to say ‘sorry’. Earlier land rights decisions in the high court also added to indigenous relations being a major issue in the late 20th century. Stolen deals with these issues through theatrical conventions and techniques, i. e. traditional storytelling, collage, multi role acting, and symbolism. Jane Harrison employs a traditional storytelling form due to its indigenously enthused context, and an episodic structure to impose a frightening view of who we are. In Stolen, five actors portray the five principal characters respectively, each representing a story common among Aboriginal people. Anne, Sandy, Shirley, Ruby and Jimmy each present their journey by a different structure – a song, a letter, the line-up for example – which is repeated several times to show the changing circumstances and to develop individual narratives. This reflects the practice of traditional storytelling methods which have a repetitive song/dance structure. Such use of repetition not only helps in the learning of the story but it highlights the subtle changes on understanding that may occur over time. The play is also episodic in that it does not follow any obvious chronological order. The characters move back and forward in time, sometimes being their young child in the children’s home and other times, adults. As the play progresses; an accumulation of affecting experiences towers giving an emotional resonance to a political issue and the frightening view of who we are as an Australian society is further imposed on us. Stolen demonstrates a frightening view of who we are through the utilization of multi-role playing. The play is performed by 5 actors who, in addition to the roles – Anne, Sandy, Shirley, Jimmy and Ruby, take on the following roles (sometimes merely as voices offstage): * Sandy’s mum, cousin, aunt, aunty, uncle * Anne’s adopted father and mother * Jimmy’s mother, Nancy Wajurri * Voices of authority, angry voice – vulgarity SCENE RACIST INSULTS between Jimmy and voice * â€Å"Voice: [off] dirty nig-nog depending on govt. ha ndouts†¦bloody nigger, drinking away your dole cheque†¦ Jimmy: Genocidal maniac, killing and raping and stealing our women and children†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Expressing the anguish and pain endured in victims of the policy and injustice imposed upon the Stolen Generation * Retelling of the immeasurable injustice done to the Indigenous Australians and stereotyping them to beings that result to acts as an after effect of the policy * Distances audience from the play so they can picture the message that underpins the play * Gets audience to reflect on the actions of Australia historically and how frightening we are Stolen demonstrates a frightening view of who we are through the utilisation of multi-role playing. The play is performed by five actors who, in addition to the roles, Annie, Sandy, Shirley, Jimmy and Ruby, take on the following roles which are sometimes merely voices offstage: Sandy’s mum, cousin, aunt, uncle, Anne’s adopted father and mother, Jimmy’s mother Nancy Wajurri, and the voices of authority which in the scene ‘Racist Insults’ present to us a frightening view of who we are. The vulgarity in the conversation between Jimmy and the voice, â€Å"Voice: [off] dirty nig-nog depending on government handouts†¦bloody nigger, drinking away your dole cheque†¦Jimmy: Genocidal maniac, killing and raping and stealing our women and children†¦Ã¢â‚¬  expresses the anguish and pain endured in victims of the policy and the injustice imposed upon the Stolen Generation. It is a retelling of the immeasurable injustice done to the Indigenous Australians and stereotyping them to beings that result to acts as an after-effect of the policy. The inclusion of multi-role playing distances the audience from the play so that they can picture the message that underpins the play and coerces the audience to reflect on the actions of Australia historically and how frightening we are. Symbolism was extensively used throughout Stolen to portray a frightening view of who we are. * Filing cabinet – represent bureaucratic letters and documents that controlled and regimented the children’s lives, but could not be accessed by them. Even today some people have not seen w/e controlled their childhoods * Beds – signified the institutions where the children were kept. There was a regimented way to make them, and a strict inventory of linen and bed clothes. The beds were moved about the performance space, to symbolize how the children were not permitted to settle or rest. Our beds should be places of security and relaxation, but in Stolen they were charged with uncertainty, fear and institutionalization. * Ringing of bell – symbolized strict authority in the homes and missions, summoning the children to classes, meals or to line up for inspections. In the original production the bell was rung to call children to be viewed for prospective adoption or a weekend visit with a white family. For some children this led to abuse * Suitcases – symbol with each character carrying a suitcase to represent their journey and the ‘baggage’ of their lives, their history and their stories. At the beginning of the performance each actor entered with a suitcase. At the end, once the set had been dismantled, they exited, again carrying a suitcase to signify that their journey was not yet finished * Allows audience to question the reason behind it and unravel the frightening view of who we are Symbolism was extensively used thought Stolen to portray a frightening view of who we are. This is evident in the props utilised in the production consisting of the filing cabinet, beds and the suitcases. In the Sydney Theatre Workshop, they used a filing cabinet as a quick scene transition, this represents the bureaucratic letter and documents that controlled and regimented the children’s lives, but could not be accessed by them. In the workshop, they only used on bed which was moved around the stage, the beds signified the institutions where the children were kept. There was a regimented way to make them, and a strict inventory of linen and bed clothes. The bed was moved about the performance space to symbolise how the children were not permitted to settle or rest. Our beds should be places of security and relaxation, but in Stolen they were charged with uncertainty, fear and institutionalisation. Although the workshop did not emphasise the suitcases, it acted as a symbol with each character carrying suitcase to represent their journey and the ‘baggage’ of their lives, their history and their story. These props used allow us, as the audience, to question the reason behind it and unravel the frightening view of who we are.

Puritain Mission essays

Puritain Mission essays Some Puritans, disenchanted with the Anglican Church, and persecuted in England for their religious beliefs, decided to move to the New World, and have their own colony. Led by John Winthrop, their mission was to create what he called a city upon a hill. This would be a Godly community, demonstrating a life of piety and community, and would serve as an example for Puritans everywhere. Although the colony itself ultimately thrived, the Puritan mission, as originally stated was not overly successful. There were many factors that led to Puritan Declension the belief that they did indeed stray from their mission. When John Winthrop prepared to lead the first group of Puritans to the New World in 1629, he wrote a document that listed several reasons why he was going, and also why others should follow. He declared that the New World was a place provided by God, and it would serve as a refuge for many, and that England had become a land that had grown weary of her inhabitants. He also spoke of English society having grown to heights of intemperance, and that living in that society made it almost impossible for a good and upright man to ... live comfortably there. He refers to the land in the New World as being as good or better in quality, and certainly more plentiful in quantity compared to what is currently available in England. He ends his document by saying that if someone in England is godly, and living in wealth in prosperity, and then in turn gives that up to join them, they would serve as excellent examples for others, and would encourage them to join the more willingly in it. Alt hough Winthrop was sincere in his belief of what he wrote about, and the writing serves as an excellent framework of the reasons why he and other Puritans wanted to go to the New World, it could also be colloquially referred to as a ...

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Sociology - Essay Example I did use instances from the movie to elaborate the effects on individual and society. Whereas, the effects on the multinational companies I gathered from general knowledge. Ethnocentrism is used to define the cultural biased approach when viewing or judging other cultures and ethical systems. The world is wide and constitutes of a number of cultures and belief systems that vary from one another to a smaller or greater extent. Some actions considered normal in one culture may be viewed as offensive or unacceptable by the other one. For example, in Arab countries it is mandatory for all females to cover their head otherwise they face punishment. Now, such custom may be viewed as offensive to women belonging to other cultures and countries. Different ethnic groups can be defined on the basis of caste, religion, language, customs and value system or geopolitical boundaries. So, an ethnocentric person would consider one particular culture most important and superior than others and would measure all other cultures using his preferred culture as benchmark. More often than not the individuals consider their own culture as the most important. Hence, ethnocentr ism can be viewed as an attitude that shows lack of acceptance of other cultures, and a feeling of contempt for people belonging to other cultures. All individuals who grow up in certain society with its own unique belief system tend to view their values as the right one and the highest one. They tend to identify with those set of values and customs and may fiercely resist any attempt to devise any changes in such ideals. As, it amounts to altering their identity of which every human tends to be